![]() Transposition errors occurred almost as often as substitution errors in the conduction aphasic patients, while substitution errors constituted the majority of errors in the Broca's aphasic patients. In the conduction aphasic patients, errors occurred equally often on consonants and vowels in both the naming and word-repetition tasks, while in the Broca's aphasic patients errors occurred selectively on consonants. Speech sound errors exhibited by three conduction and three Broca's aphasic patients on naming and word-repetition tasks were subjected to phonemic and subphonemic analyses. © editorial matter and organization Andrej Malchukov and Andrew Spencer 2009, chapters their several authors 2009. This article also describes case marking in Daghestanian languages as well as non-local cases, spatial forms, place names and natural locations, adnominal and predicative possession, and instrumental case. A rare typological feature of the Daghestanian languages is the presence of an agreement position in some case markers, including genitives in human noun declension in Bagvalal (controlled by the class of the head) or affective in Andi and Tukita Karata and some locative forms in Dargwa and Lak. The oblique stem is derived from the direct stem by adding various morphemes called oblique stem markers. In most Nakh-Daghestanian languages, declension mostly follows a two-stem pattern: all cases except nominative are derived from a common stem called oblique, while the nominative case is derived from a direct stem and is most often formally identical to it (thus being zero marked). First, it describes classification of the Nakh-Daghestanian, of which Daghestanian is a regional subset (rather than a genetic subgroup). This article provides an overview of case systems in Daghestanian languages. This article focuses on problems in separating spatial cases from spatial adpositions spatial cases in languages devoid of case contrast between core syntactic terms case languages devoid of spatial cases spatial cases and semantic classes of nouns adverbs and adpositions inflected for spatial cases semantic distinctions expressed by spatial cases spatial case forms of locational nouns, spatial adpositions, and spatial adverbs syncretisms between core syntactic cases and spatial cases and non-spatial cases derived from spatial cases. I conclude by briefly reviewing evidence from some other East Caucasian languages, to show that Bagvalal is not an exception.Ī spatial case is an inflected form of nouns or noun phrases distinct from the absolute form available for the extrasyntactic function of pure designation, and apt to fulfil one of the following functions without the addition of an adposition: non-verbal predicate, or predicative complement of a copula, specifying the location of an entity verb satellite specifying the location of an event. ![]() Place names are, first of all, locations (hence spatial inflection), but also territories associated with specific ethnic and sub-ethnic groups (hence attributive and plural inflection). Mixed properties of Bagvalal place names are functionally motivated. Considering syntax and morphology together, they constitute a morphosyntactic class intermediate between nouns and adverbs. Bagvalal place names are syntactically adverbs rather than nouns. To occur in the latter, they require a nominal head with an abstract meaning such as ‘village’ or ‘place’. Place names are unmarked in spatial function but marked in argument position. They combine with spatial suffixes identical to those used on nouns and spatial adverbs and with attributive and plural suffixes identical to those of nominal genitive and plural and thus have mixed adverbial nominal morphology. In Bagvalal (East Caucasian), native place names show strongly reduced morphological inflection.
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